Keywords
Antifouling systems
Ballast water
Hull fouling
International convention
Marine bioinvasion
Shipping
Ballast water
Hull fouling
International convention
Marine bioinvasion
Shipping
Abstract
Concern for marine bioinvasion has drawn international attention. The action plans in place to address this issue and those that are being promulgated are in need of a reassessment. A review of invertebrate invasions across the world indicates inter-linkages between vectors. In this paper an effort is made to illustrate the geographical spread of invasive invertebrate organisms from different bioregions and the possible causes for their success. Shipping, which is the major vector identified for the success of marine bioinvasion, needs to be addressed in tandem with domestic, intra- and inter-regional precautionary measures, as prevention is the only cure.
References
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Anger K, Dawirs RR. 1981. Influence of starvation on the larval development of Hyas araneus larvae (Decapoda, Majidae). Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 38:21–23.
Anil AC. 2006. A perspective of marine bioinvasion. In: Sonak S, editor. Multiple dimensions of global environmental change. New Delhi: TERI Press. p.203–213.
Anil AC, Desai DV, Khandeparker L. 2001. Larval development and metamorphosis in Balanus Amphitrite Darwin (Cirripedia, Thoracica): significance of food concentration, temperature and nucleic acids, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 263(2):125–141.
Anil AC, Chiba K, Okamoto K, Kurokura H. 1995. Influence of temperature and salinity on larval development of Balanus amphitrite, and implications in fouling ecology. Marine Ecology Progress Series 118:159–166.
Anil AC, Clarke C, Hayes T, Hilliard R, Joshi G, Krishnamurthy V, Polglaze J, Sawant SS, Raaymakers S. 2003. Ballast water risk assessment, Ports of Mumbai and Jawaharlal Nehru, India. London: International Maritime Organization. Final Report.
Anil AC, Clarke C, Hayes T, Hilliard, R, Joshi G, Venkat K, Polglaze J, Sawant SS, Raaymakers S. 2004. Ballast water risk assessment, Ports of Mumbai and Jawaharlal Nehru, India. London: International Maritime Organization. GloBallast Monograph Series No. 11.
Anil AC, Venkat K, Sawant SS, Dileepkumar M, Dhargalkar VK, Ramaiah N, Harkantra SN, Ansari ZA. 2002. Marine bioinvasion: concern for ecology and shipping, Current Science 83(3):214–218.
Barnes DKA. 2002. Biodiversity, invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature 416:808–809.
CIESM. 1999. Atlas of exotic species in the Mediterranean Sea. Monaco: International Commission for the Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean Sea. http:// www.ciesm.org/atlas.
Clarke KR, Gorley RN. 2001. Primer v5: user manual/tutorial. Plymouth: Primer-E. Cohen AN, Carlton JT. 1995. Nonindigeneous aquatic species in a United States estuary: a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. Washington DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service. NTIS Report Number PB96-166525.
Coutts ADM, Moore KM, Hewitt CL. 2003. Ships sea-chests, an overlooked transfer mechanism for non-indigenous marine species. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:1504–1515.
Currie DR, Parry GD. 1996. The effect of scallop dredging on a soft sediment community: a large scale experimental study. Marine Ecology Progress Series 134:131–150.
Desai DV, Anil AC. 2000. Influence of temperature on the starvation threshold of nauplii of barnacle Balanus amphitrite (Cirripedia, Thoracica). Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 29:69–72.
DeFelice CR, Eldredge LG, Carlton JT. 2001. Non-indigenous marine invertebrates. In: Eldrege LG, Smith CM, editors. A guide book of introduced marine species in Hawai’i. Honolulu: Bishop Museum. p. 1–60. Technical Report 21.
Diederich S, Nehls G, van Beusekom JEE, Reise K. 2005. Introduced Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in the northern Wadden Sea: invasion accelerated by warm summers? Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 59:97–106.
Dumont HJ, Shinganova TA, Niermann U, editors. 2004. Aquatic invasions in the Black, Caspian and Mediterranean Seas. NATO Science Series IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences 35.
Endersen O, Behrens HL, Brynestad S, Andersen AB, Skjong R. 2004. Challenges in global ballast water management. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48:615–623.
Frenot Y, Chown SL, Whinam J, Selkirk PM, Convey P, Skotnicki M, Bergstrom DM. 2005. Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews 80:45–72.
Flagella MM, Abdulla AA. 2005. Ship ballast water as a main vector of marine introductions in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Marine Affairs 4(1):95–104.
Galil BS. 2000. A sea under siege—alien species in the Mediterranean. Biological Invasions 2:177–186.
Gille ST. 2002. Warming of the southern ocean since 1950s. Science 295:1275–1277.
Glibert PM, Pitcher G. 2001. Global ecology and oceanography of harmful algal blooms: science plan. Baltimore and Paris: SCOR and IOC. GEOHAB report.
GloBallast. 2001. Stopping the ballast water stowaways. London: IMO-Global Ballast Water Management Program. Godwin LS. 2003. Hull fouling of maritime vessels as a pathway for marine species invasions to the Hawaiian Islands. Biofouling 19:123–131.
Gollasch S. 2002. The importance of ship hull fouling as a vector of species introductions into the North Sea. Biofouling 18(2):105–121.
Grigorovich IA, Therriault TW, MacIsaac HJ. 2003. History of aquatic invertebrate invasions in the Caspian Sea. Biological Invasions 5:103–115.
GSMFC. 2004. Non-native aquatic species in the Gulf of Mexico Region. Ocean Springs (MS): Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_alphabetic_list.php.
Hallegraeff GH. 1998. Transport of toxic dinoflagellates via ship’s ballast water, bioeconomic risk assessment and efficacy of possible ballast water management strategies. Marine Ecology Progress Series 168:297–309.
Hayes KR, Sliwa C. 2003. Identifying potential marine pests—a deductive approach applied to Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:91–98.
Hewitt CL, Campbell ML, Thresher RE, Martin RB. 1999. Marine biological invasions of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. Hobart: CSIRO Div. of Marine Research. Technical Report No. 20 Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (Australia).
Hicks GRF. 2003. Turning the tide: is aquatic bioinvader research heading in the right direction? 12th International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Abstracts p. 9.
[IMO] International Maritime Organization. 2001. International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships. London: International Maritime Organization.
[IMO] International Maritime Organization. 2004. International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water & Sediments. London: International Maritime Organization.
Ivanov VP, Kamakin AM, Ushivtzev VB, Shiganova T, Zhukova O, Aladin N, Wilson SI, Harbison GRJ, Dumont H. 2000. Invasion of the Caspian Sea by the comb jellyfish Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora). Biological Invasions 2:255–258.
Keller RP, Drake JM, Drew MB, Lodge DM. 2011. Linking environmental conditions and ship movements to estimate invasive species transport across the global shipping network. Diversity and Distributions 17:93–102.
Kideys AE, Moghim M. 2003. Distribution of the alien ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Caspian Sea in August 2001. Marine Biology 142:163–171.
Latombe G, Pyšek P, Jeschke JM, Blackburn TM, Bacher S, Capinha C, Costello MJ, Fernández M, Gregory RD, Hobern D, et al. 2017. A vision for global monitoring of biological invasions. Biological Conservation 213(B):295–308.
Lewis PN, Riddle MJ, Hewitt CL. 2004. Management of exogenous threats to Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic Islands: balancing risks from TBT and non-indigenous marine organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49:999–1005.
Marshall DJ, Krug PJ, Kupriyanova EK, Byrne M, Emlet RB. 2012. The biogeography of marine invertebrate life histories. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 43:97–114.
Martindale MQ. 1987. Larval reproduction in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis mccradyi (order Lobata). Marine Biology 94:409–414.
Minchin D, Gollasch S. 2003. Fouling and ships’ hulls, how changing circumstances and spawning events may result in spread of exotic species. Biofouling 19:111–122.
Mooney HA, Cleland EE. 2001. The evolutionary impact of invasive species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98:5446–5451.
NCRAIS. 2003. Great lakes aquatic non-indigenous species list compiled by the NOAA National Center for Research on Aquatic Invasive Species. Ann Arbor (MI): Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Programs/invasive/anspecies061003.html.
NIMPIS. 2002. National Introduced Marine Species Pest Information System: introduced species guide. Hobart: CSIRO Marine Research. http://www.marine.csiro .au/crimp/nimpis.
Negri AP, Hales LT, Battershill C, Wolff C, Webster NS. 2004. TBT contamination identified in Antarctic marine sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48:1142–1144.
Occhipinti-Ambrogi A. 2001. Transfer of marine organisms: a challenge to the conservation of coastal biocoenoses. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 11:243–251.
Occhipinti-Ambrogi A, Savini D. 2003. Biological invasions as a component of global change in stressed marine ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46(5):542–551.
Olson RR, Olson MH. 1989. Food limitation of planktotrophic marine invertebrate larvae: does it control recruitment success? Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20:225–247.
Pearce F. 1995. How the Soviet seas were lost. New Scientist 2003:38–42.
Ruiz GG, Rawlings TK, Dobbs FF, Drake LA, Mullady T, Huq A, Colwell RR. 2000a. Worldwide transfer of microorganisms by ships. Nature 408:49–50.
Ruiz GM, Fofonoff PW, Carlton JT, Wonham MJ, Hines AH. 2000b. Invasion of coastal marine communities in North America: apparent patterns, processes and biases. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:481–531.
Sala OE, Chapin FS, Armesto JJ, Berlow R, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Huber-Sanwald E, Huenneke LF, Jackson RB, Kinzig A, et al. 2000. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287:1770–1774.
Shefer S, Abelson A, Mokady O, Gefen E. 2004. Red to Mediterranean Sea bioinvasion: natural drift through the Suez Canal, or anthropogenic transport? Molecular Ecology 13:2333–2343.
Subba Rao DV. 2005. Comprehensive review of the records of the biota of the Indian seas and introduction of non-indigenous species. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15:117–146.
Tavares M, DeMelo GAS. 2004. Discovery of the first known benthic invasive in the Southern Ocean, the North Atlantic spider crab Hyas araneus found in the Antarctic Peninsula. Antarctic Science 16(2):129–131.
Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melillo JM. 1997. Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science 277:494–499. Wasson K, Zabin CJ, Bedinger L, Christina Diaz M, Pearse JS. 2001. Biological invasions of estuaries without international shipping: the importance of intraregional transport. Biological Conservation 102:143–153.
Anger K, Dawirs RR. 1981. Influence of starvation on the larval development of Hyas araneus larvae (Decapoda, Majidae). Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 38:21–23.
Anil AC. 2006. A perspective of marine bioinvasion. In: Sonak S, editor. Multiple dimensions of global environmental change. New Delhi: TERI Press. p.203–213.
Anil AC, Desai DV, Khandeparker L. 2001. Larval development and metamorphosis in Balanus Amphitrite Darwin (Cirripedia, Thoracica): significance of food concentration, temperature and nucleic acids, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 263(2):125–141.
Anil AC, Chiba K, Okamoto K, Kurokura H. 1995. Influence of temperature and salinity on larval development of Balanus amphitrite, and implications in fouling ecology. Marine Ecology Progress Series 118:159–166.
Anil AC, Clarke C, Hayes T, Hilliard R, Joshi G, Krishnamurthy V, Polglaze J, Sawant SS, Raaymakers S. 2003. Ballast water risk assessment, Ports of Mumbai and Jawaharlal Nehru, India. London: International Maritime Organization. Final Report.
Anil AC, Clarke C, Hayes T, Hilliard, R, Joshi G, Venkat K, Polglaze J, Sawant SS, Raaymakers S. 2004. Ballast water risk assessment, Ports of Mumbai and Jawaharlal Nehru, India. London: International Maritime Organization. GloBallast Monograph Series No. 11.
Anil AC, Venkat K, Sawant SS, Dileepkumar M, Dhargalkar VK, Ramaiah N, Harkantra SN, Ansari ZA. 2002. Marine bioinvasion: concern for ecology and shipping, Current Science 83(3):214–218.
Barnes DKA. 2002. Biodiversity, invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature 416:808–809.
CIESM. 1999. Atlas of exotic species in the Mediterranean Sea. Monaco: International Commission for the Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean Sea. http:// www.ciesm.org/atlas.
Clarke KR, Gorley RN. 2001. Primer v5: user manual/tutorial. Plymouth: Primer-E. Cohen AN, Carlton JT. 1995. Nonindigeneous aquatic species in a United States estuary: a case study of the biological invasions of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. Washington DC: US Fish and Wildlife Service. NTIS Report Number PB96-166525.
Coutts ADM, Moore KM, Hewitt CL. 2003. Ships sea-chests, an overlooked transfer mechanism for non-indigenous marine species. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:1504–1515.
Currie DR, Parry GD. 1996. The effect of scallop dredging on a soft sediment community: a large scale experimental study. Marine Ecology Progress Series 134:131–150.
Desai DV, Anil AC. 2000. Influence of temperature on the starvation threshold of nauplii of barnacle Balanus amphitrite (Cirripedia, Thoracica). Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 29:69–72.
DeFelice CR, Eldredge LG, Carlton JT. 2001. Non-indigenous marine invertebrates. In: Eldrege LG, Smith CM, editors. A guide book of introduced marine species in Hawai’i. Honolulu: Bishop Museum. p. 1–60. Technical Report 21.
Diederich S, Nehls G, van Beusekom JEE, Reise K. 2005. Introduced Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in the northern Wadden Sea: invasion accelerated by warm summers? Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 59:97–106.
Dumont HJ, Shinganova TA, Niermann U, editors. 2004. Aquatic invasions in the Black, Caspian and Mediterranean Seas. NATO Science Series IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences 35.
Endersen O, Behrens HL, Brynestad S, Andersen AB, Skjong R. 2004. Challenges in global ballast water management. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48:615–623.
Frenot Y, Chown SL, Whinam J, Selkirk PM, Convey P, Skotnicki M, Bergstrom DM. 2005. Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews 80:45–72.
Flagella MM, Abdulla AA. 2005. Ship ballast water as a main vector of marine introductions in the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Marine Affairs 4(1):95–104.
Galil BS. 2000. A sea under siege—alien species in the Mediterranean. Biological Invasions 2:177–186.
Gille ST. 2002. Warming of the southern ocean since 1950s. Science 295:1275–1277.
Glibert PM, Pitcher G. 2001. Global ecology and oceanography of harmful algal blooms: science plan. Baltimore and Paris: SCOR and IOC. GEOHAB report.
GloBallast. 2001. Stopping the ballast water stowaways. London: IMO-Global Ballast Water Management Program. Godwin LS. 2003. Hull fouling of maritime vessels as a pathway for marine species invasions to the Hawaiian Islands. Biofouling 19:123–131.
Gollasch S. 2002. The importance of ship hull fouling as a vector of species introductions into the North Sea. Biofouling 18(2):105–121.
Grigorovich IA, Therriault TW, MacIsaac HJ. 2003. History of aquatic invertebrate invasions in the Caspian Sea. Biological Invasions 5:103–115.
GSMFC. 2004. Non-native aquatic species in the Gulf of Mexico Region. Ocean Springs (MS): Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_alphabetic_list.php.
Hallegraeff GH. 1998. Transport of toxic dinoflagellates via ship’s ballast water, bioeconomic risk assessment and efficacy of possible ballast water management strategies. Marine Ecology Progress Series 168:297–309.
Hayes KR, Sliwa C. 2003. Identifying potential marine pests—a deductive approach applied to Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:91–98.
Hewitt CL, Campbell ML, Thresher RE, Martin RB. 1999. Marine biological invasions of Port Phillip Bay, Victoria. Hobart: CSIRO Div. of Marine Research. Technical Report No. 20 Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests (Australia).
Hicks GRF. 2003. Turning the tide: is aquatic bioinvader research heading in the right direction? 12th International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Abstracts p. 9.
[IMO] International Maritime Organization. 2001. International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships. London: International Maritime Organization.
[IMO] International Maritime Organization. 2004. International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water & Sediments. London: International Maritime Organization.
Ivanov VP, Kamakin AM, Ushivtzev VB, Shiganova T, Zhukova O, Aladin N, Wilson SI, Harbison GRJ, Dumont H. 2000. Invasion of the Caspian Sea by the comb jellyfish Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora). Biological Invasions 2:255–258.
Keller RP, Drake JM, Drew MB, Lodge DM. 2011. Linking environmental conditions and ship movements to estimate invasive species transport across the global shipping network. Diversity and Distributions 17:93–102.
Kideys AE, Moghim M. 2003. Distribution of the alien ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the Caspian Sea in August 2001. Marine Biology 142:163–171.
Latombe G, Pyšek P, Jeschke JM, Blackburn TM, Bacher S, Capinha C, Costello MJ, Fernández M, Gregory RD, Hobern D, et al. 2017. A vision for global monitoring of biological invasions. Biological Conservation 213(B):295–308.
Lewis PN, Riddle MJ, Hewitt CL. 2004. Management of exogenous threats to Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic Islands: balancing risks from TBT and non-indigenous marine organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49:999–1005.
Marshall DJ, Krug PJ, Kupriyanova EK, Byrne M, Emlet RB. 2012. The biogeography of marine invertebrate life histories. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 43:97–114.
Martindale MQ. 1987. Larval reproduction in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis mccradyi (order Lobata). Marine Biology 94:409–414.
Minchin D, Gollasch S. 2003. Fouling and ships’ hulls, how changing circumstances and spawning events may result in spread of exotic species. Biofouling 19:111–122.
Mooney HA, Cleland EE. 2001. The evolutionary impact of invasive species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98:5446–5451.
NCRAIS. 2003. Great lakes aquatic non-indigenous species list compiled by the NOAA National Center for Research on Aquatic Invasive Species. Ann Arbor (MI): Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Programs/invasive/anspecies061003.html.
NIMPIS. 2002. National Introduced Marine Species Pest Information System: introduced species guide. Hobart: CSIRO Marine Research. http://www.marine.csiro .au/crimp/nimpis.
Negri AP, Hales LT, Battershill C, Wolff C, Webster NS. 2004. TBT contamination identified in Antarctic marine sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48:1142–1144.
Occhipinti-Ambrogi A. 2001. Transfer of marine organisms: a challenge to the conservation of coastal biocoenoses. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 11:243–251.
Occhipinti-Ambrogi A, Savini D. 2003. Biological invasions as a component of global change in stressed marine ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46(5):542–551.
Olson RR, Olson MH. 1989. Food limitation of planktotrophic marine invertebrate larvae: does it control recruitment success? Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20:225–247.
Pearce F. 1995. How the Soviet seas were lost. New Scientist 2003:38–42.
Ruiz GG, Rawlings TK, Dobbs FF, Drake LA, Mullady T, Huq A, Colwell RR. 2000a. Worldwide transfer of microorganisms by ships. Nature 408:49–50.
Ruiz GM, Fofonoff PW, Carlton JT, Wonham MJ, Hines AH. 2000b. Invasion of coastal marine communities in North America: apparent patterns, processes and biases. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:481–531.
Sala OE, Chapin FS, Armesto JJ, Berlow R, Bloomfield J, Dirzo R, Huber-Sanwald E, Huenneke LF, Jackson RB, Kinzig A, et al. 2000. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287:1770–1774.
Shefer S, Abelson A, Mokady O, Gefen E. 2004. Red to Mediterranean Sea bioinvasion: natural drift through the Suez Canal, or anthropogenic transport? Molecular Ecology 13:2333–2343.
Subba Rao DV. 2005. Comprehensive review of the records of the biota of the Indian seas and introduction of non-indigenous species. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15:117–146.
Tavares M, DeMelo GAS. 2004. Discovery of the first known benthic invasive in the Southern Ocean, the North Atlantic spider crab Hyas araneus found in the Antarctic Peninsula. Antarctic Science 16(2):129–131.
Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melillo JM. 1997. Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science 277:494–499. Wasson K, Zabin CJ, Bedinger L, Christina Diaz M, Pearse JS. 2001. Biological invasions of estuaries without international shipping: the importance of intraregional transport. Biological Conservation 102:143–153.
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