Keywords
Local microorganisms
Rumen
Silage
Abstract
Agricultural wastes are very diverse in type and have low nutrient values, especially in lignin and cellulose, which are difficult to digest. One way of overcoming this problem is by biological treatment using microorganisms, also known as silage. The availability of bio-activators that are both cost-efficient and easy to make further suggests that using local microorganisms may be an effective possible solution. This study focused on processing food crop waste (corn leaves) into silage using local microorganisms as the bio-activators. Research took place in the Agrotechnology Laboratory, University of Jember. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments: Treatment 1 (rumen), Treatment 2 (rumen + banana humps), Treatment 3 (rumen + petung bamboo shoots), and Treatment 4 (rumen + gamal leaves). The parameters tested were local microorganism quality (pH, total microbial, and organoleptic) and silage quality (nutrient composition, pH, and organoleptic). After three weeks, the organoleptic local microorganism test results in all treatments showed clear colors, an acidic aroma, small number of fungi, and normal pH (3–5). In terms of silage quality, the resulting local microorganisms could be used as a bio-activator in the silage fermentation process, with the maturity level indicated by a color change (green to brownish green), sweet and acidic aroma, softer tape and texture, and pH of 4–6. The proximate test results of this silage feed showed better nutrient content in the addition of formulations in the manufacture of local microorganisms. Petung bamboo shoots, gamal leaves, and banana humps can increase the nutrient content, mainly the protein. We therefore conclude that local microorganisms from the rumen and local materials can be used as activator materials in making silage from corn leaves with an increase in the value of waste nutrients.
References
Bai J, Xu D, Xie D, Wang M, Li Z, Guo X. 2020. Effects of antibacterial peptide-producing Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus buchneri on fermentation, aerobic stability, and microbial community of alfalfa silage. Bioresour Technol. 315:123881. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123881.
Bernardes T, Daniel J, Adesogan A, McAllister T, Drouin P, Nussio L, Huhtanen P, Tremblay G, Bélanger G, Cai Y. 2018. Silage review: Unique challenges of silages made in hot and cold regions. J Dairy Sci. 101(5):4001–4019. doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13703.
Bestari J, Thalib A, Hamid H. 2000. Pengaruh kombinasi pemberian pakan silase jerami padi cairan rumen kerbau dan molase terhadap pertambahan bobot badan sapi peranakan ongole [The feeding effect of rice-straw silage mixed with buffalo’s ruminal liquid and mollase on daily gain of PO cattle]. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor: Puslitbang Peternakan. p. 242–250.
Besterfield DEUH. 2003. Total quality management. 3rd edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education International.
Budiyani NK, Soniari NN, Sutari NWS. 2016. Analisis kualitas larutan mikroorganisme lokal (MOL) bonggol pisang [Analysis of local microorganism (MOL) solution quality based on banana weevil]. Jurnal Agroteknologi Tropika. 5(1):63–72.
Chen L, Bai S, You M, Xiao B, Li P, Cai Y. 2020. Effect of a low temperature tolerant lactic acid bacteria inoculant on the fermentation quality and bacterial community of oat round bale silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 269:114669. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114669.
Fardiaz S. 1992. Mikrobiologi pangan 1 [Food microbiology 1]. Jakarta: Gramedia.
Firdaus F, Purwanto BP, Salundik S. 2014. Dosis penggunaan mikroorganisme lokal (MOL) ragi tempe dan isi rumen untuk pengomposan [Dose of using local microorganism (MOL) of tempe yeast and rumen content for composting]. Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan. 2(1):257–261.
Han-kyu C. 2010. Natural farming. Korea: CGNF Company.
Harizena IND. 2012. Pengaruh jenis dan dosis MOL terhadap kualitas kompos sampah rumah tangga [Effect of type and dose of mol on the quality of household waste compost; bachelor’s thesis]. [Denpasar]: Universitas Udayana.
Haryanto B, Lema CAV, Yulianti A, Surayah S, Abdurrahman A. 2004. Peningkatan degradasi serat jerami padi melalui proses fermentasi dan suplementasi zinc-methionin [Increased degradation of rice straw fiber through fermentation processes and zincmethionin supplementation]. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor: Puslitbang Peternakan. p. 805–812.
Hidayat N. 2006. Mikrobiologi industri [Industrial microbiology]. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.
Hungate RE. 1975. The rumen microbial ecosystem. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 6(1):39–66. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.06.110175.000351.
Indriani YH. 1999. Membuat kompos secara kilat [Make compost in a flash]. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya Grup.
Komarawidjaja W. 2009. Karakteristik dan pertumbuhan konsorsium mikroba lokal dalam media mengandung minyak bumi [Characteristics and growth of local microbial consortia in petroleum-containing media]. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan. 10(1):114–119. doi:10.29122/jtl.v10i1.1510.
Lubis DA. 1963. Ilmu makanan ternak [Animal feed science]. Jakarta: Pembangunan.
Lynd LR, Weimer PJ, van Zyl WH, Pretorius IS. 2002. Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 66(3):506–577. doi:10.1128/mmbr.66.3.506-577.2002.
Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J. 2011. Biology of microorganisms. 12th edition. New York: Prentice Hall International.
Muhidin D. 2001. Agroindustri papain dan pektin [Papain and pectin agroindustry]. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya Grup.
Ni K, Wang X, Lu Y, Guo L, Li X, Yang F. 2020. Exploring the silage quality of alfalfa ensiled with the residues of astragalus and hawthorn. Bioresour Technol. 297:122249. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122249.
Oktavia DA, Mangunwidjaja D, Wibowo S, Sunarti TC, Rahayuningsih M. 2012. Pengolahan limbah cair perikanan menggunakan konsorsium mikroba indigenous proteolitik dan lipolitik [The processing of fishery wastewater using a consortium of indigenous proteolytic and lipolytic microbes]. Agrointek. 6(2):65–71.
Purwasasmita M, Kabelan K. 2009. Mikroorganisme lokal sebagai pemicu siklus kehidupan dalam bioreaktor tanaman [Local microorganisms as triggers of the life cycle in plant bioreactors]. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Indonesia. Bandung.
Sasongko WT, Sugoro I. 2004. Wet fermentation of rice straw cv. atomita 4 using a mixed inoculum of facultative anaerobic bacteria in buffalo rumen. Risalah Seminar Ilmiah Penelitian dan Pengembangan Aplikasi Isotop dan Radiasi [Minutes of Scientific Seminar on Research and Development of Isotopes and Radiation Applications]. Jakarta: Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional. p. 171–174.
Seni IAY, Atmaja IWD, Sutari NWS. 2013. Analisis kualitas larutan MOL (mikroorganisme lokal) berbasis daun gamal (Gliricidia sepium) [Analysis of the quality of the MOL (local microorganism) solution based on gamal leaf (Gliricidia sepium). Jurnal Agroteknologi Tropika. 2(2):135–144.
Sim LL. 2005. Microbial community analysis in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent [Master’s thesis]. [Iskandar Puteri]: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/3808.
Suhastyo AA, Anas I, Santosa DA, Lestari Y. 2013. Microbiological studies and chemical properties of local microorganisms (MOL) used in SRI (system of rice intensification) rice cultivation. Sainteks. 10(2):29–39. http://jurnalnasional.ump.ac.id/index.php/SAINTEKS/article/view/148/145.
Sutari NWS. 2010. Uji berbagai jenis pupuk cair biourine terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman sawi hijau (Brassica juncea L.) [Test various types of biourine liquid fertilizers on the growth and yield of green mustard (Brassica juncea L.)]. Agritrop: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian. 29(2):75–81.
Tatra AJ. 2010. Pengaruh penambahan beberapa aditif terhadap kualitas silase daun rami (Boehmeria nivea, L. GAUD) [The effect of adding some additives on the silage quality of hemp leaves (Boehmeria nivea, l. gaud); bachelor’s thesis]. [Bogor]: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Thalib A, Bestari J, Widiawati Y, Hamid H, Suherman D. 2000. Pengaruh perlakuan silase jerami padi dengan mikroba rumen kerbau terhadap daya cerna dan ekosistem rumen sapi [Effect of rice straw silage treated with rumen microbes of buffalo on digestibility and ecosystem of cattle rumen]. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner. 5(1):276–281.
Tillman A, Hartadi H, Reksohadiprodjo S, Prawirokusumo S, Lebdosoekojo S. 1991. Ilmu makanan ternak dasar [Basic animal feed science]. Yogyakarta: UGM Press.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2020 The Author(s)